“Room-temperature nuclear fusion materials for producing high energy effect in heavy water by electrolysis”
M. Del Borghi1
G. Delucchi1
M. Fumagalli1
A. Gil’man2
1 DiChep G. B. Bonino”, University of Genoa, Via O. Pia, 15, 16145, Genova (Italy)
e-mail: belobrzeckoja@yahoo.it
2 Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer materials, Russian Academy of Science, 70, ul. Profsoyuznaya, 117393, Moscow, Russia
e-mail: plasma@ispm.ru (A. B. Gil’man)
Abstract:
A simple cell containing anode and cathode was constructed. The solid materials of the electrodes, as an example of a good matrix, to capture Deuterium isotopes, were studied in D2O medium. A large amount of heat was observed and there was a nuclear reaction at room-temperature (the temperature at the beginning of the reaction) obtained stably and with good reproducibility. The excess heat was signalled by the extremely high rising temperature of the reaction explained by the nuclear fusion nature of the process.
Keywords: room-temperature, cold fusion, electrolysis, heavy water, Deuterium, energy
The first experimental parts were performed by M. Fleischmann and S. Pons in March 19891,2. They reported that a sizeable excess of enthalpy accompanied by a very tiny amount of radioactivity in an electrolytic cell with Pd cathodes during the electrolysis of D2O had been detected. During the experiment it was provided that the stoichiometric ratio x = [D] / [Pd] of Deuterium in Pd had reached a critical threshold. For last 10-15 years the basic and experimental directions of researches in area of Cold Nuclear Fusion were discussed in numerous research publications dedicated to Cold Fusion 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11. Many readers of the most important Scientific Journals as “NewScientist”12,13, “Science” 14, “Nature”15 have reflected on the excellent results obtained in the field of Cold fusion studies and technology applications of the nuclear cold fusion process. A two-volume report by the title: “Thermal and nuclear aspects of Pd/D2O system: a decade of research at Navy laboratories” was pressed by US Navy’s Space and Naval Warfare Systems Centre in San Diego (US). The report of Navy laboratories lays out the evidence that cold fusion is real, a verifiable nuclear event that liberates more energy than in consumes was released recently16. The interesting results were received by ENEA Centre of Research in Italy17. A. De Ninno and another authors confirmed that the observation of a sizeable transmutation of Deuterium into Helium providing a nuclear transmutation process with the conversion reaction 2DÆ 4He + 23.8 MeV.
Democritus anticipated the law of the conservation of matter in these words: “Nothing can arise of nothing; nothing can be reduced to nothing”. The universe around us is one of infinite variety. The fusion reactions power the sun by converting hydrogen into helium, anyway. In these nuclear reactions about half of a percent of the hydrogen mass is converted into Energy in accordance with the famous Prof. A. Einstein’s well-known equation (E = m c2) relating mass and energy. You can see two pictures: the picture of Prof. A. Einstein who was “the beautiful mind” and who has constituted a branch of science (theory of relativity and physics of matter and energy) and the picture of the fragment of Villa Lomellini Rostan in Pegli (Genoa), a face with open mouth and tongue out. Do you remember another picture (portrait) of Prof. A. Einstein similar to this face: open mouth and tongue out! The leadership personality is important for the development of science, in particular, of cold fusion.
Among the reactions the fusion of Deuterium (D) and Tritium (T), i.e. D-D fusion, converting two isotopes of hydrogen (D, i.e. T) into Helium (alpha –particles), neutrons, i.e. e+ (positron) and energy, for example 18:
1) d + t = d + n + 1,705·109 kJoule (D + T = D + n + 1,705·109)
2) the major interest of the resulting reaction: 4 11H = 42He (α) + 2e+ + 2373 million kJoule.
Picture. The fusion reaction and the universe around us.
In order to fuse, the atomic nuclei have to be given sufficient kinetic energy. A very high temperature is requested (for D-T fusion the temperature is in the range of 100-150 million degrees centigrade corresponding to the temperature of the sun).
In the case of cold (room temperature) fusion we used the approach of the system including atomic nuclei of Deuterium (ionised heavy atom of hydrogen) and matrix of metals (electrodes), to capture Deuterium isotopes (density of matter, high concentration of nucleuses, conversion of elements and energy , so on).
Cold Fusion, the source of energy.
For example, in the World War II, one of the ingredients of the aviation fuel used by American airplanes was bromine extracted from the ocean.19 We know the ocean to be a great storehouse of every known chemical element – iron, copper, aluminium, tin, silver, gold and etc. But I also know that the sea (the ocean) and water, in general, represent the very important source of energy (pictures: See Ligure, Water of Livigno mountains in Lombardia, Italy). According the last article of “Il Corriere della Sera” 20 research of the new process for mining the ocean and producing the energy were confirmed by Prof. King (UK). I know that we have started to use the modern nuclear reactors in airplanes and so on.
The reactor (fuel) of the cold (room-temperature) fusion reactions of D(T) i.e. Hydrogen is or , it’s better to say, must be one of the most interesting sources of energy in future.
The experimental part.
Conclusions:
A simple cell containing anode and cathode was constructed. The solid materials of the electrodes, as an example of a good matrix, to capture Deuterium isotopes, were studied in D2O medium. A large amount of heat was observed and there was a nuclear reaction at room-temperature (the temperature at the beginning of the reaction) obtained stably and with good reproducibility. The excess heat was signalled by the extremely high rising temperature of the reaction explained by the nuclear fusion nature of the process.
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